A feedback simulation procedure for real-time control of urban drainage systems

This paper presents a feedback simulation procedure for the real-time control (RTC) of urban drainage systems (UDS) with the aim of providing accurate state evolutions to the RTC optimizer as well as illustrating the optimization performance in a virtual reality. Model predictive control (MPC) has been implemented to generate optimal solutions for the multiple objectives of UDS using a simplified conceptual model. A high-fidelity simulator InfoWorks ICM is used to carry on the simulation based on a high level detailed model of a UDS. Communication between optimizer and simulator is realized in a feedback manner, from which both the state dynamics and the optimal solutions have been implemented through realistic demonstrations. In order to validate the proposed procedure, a real pilot based on Badalona UDS has been applied as the case study.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Enhancement of urban pluvial flood risk management and resilience through collaborative modelling: a UK case study

This paper presents the main findings and lessons learned from the development and implementation of a new methodology for collaborative modelling, social learning and social acceptance of flood risk management technologies. The proposed methodology entails three main phases: (1) stakeholder analysis and engagement; (2) improvement of urban pluvial flood modelling and forecasting tools; and (3) development and implementation of web-based tools for collaborative modelling in flood risk management and knowledge sharing. The developed methodology and tools were tested in the Cranbrook catchment (London Borough of Redbridge, UK), an area that has experienced severe pluvial (surface) flooding in the past. The developed methodologies proved to be useful for promoting interaction between stakeholders, developing collaborative modelling and achieving social acceptance of new technologies for flood risk management. Some limitations for stakeholder engagement were identified and are discussed in the present paper

A review of applied methods in Europe for flood-frequency analysis in a changing environment

The report presents a review of methods used in Europe for trend analysis, climate change projections and non-stationary analysis of extreme precipitation and flood frequency. In addition, main findings of the analyses are presented, including a comparison of trend analysis results and climate change projections. Existing guidelines in Europe on design flood and design rainfall estimation that incorporate climate change are reviewed. The report concludes with a discussion of research needs on non-stationary frequency analysis for considering the effects of climate change and inclusion in design guidelines. Trend analyses are reported for 21 countries in Europe with results for extreme precipitation, extreme streamflow or both. A large number of national and regional trend studies have been carried out. Most studies are based on statistical methods applied to individual time series of extreme precipitation or extreme streamflow using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test or regression analysis. Some studies have been reported that use field significance or regional consistency tests to analyse trends over larger areas. Some of the studies also include analysis of trend attribution. The studies reviewed indicate that there is some evidence of a general increase in extreme precipitation, whereas there are no clear indications of significant increasing trends at regional or national level of extreme streamflow. For some smaller regions increases in extreme streamflow are reported. Several studies from regions dominated by snowmelt-induced peak flows report decreases in extreme streamflow and earlier spring snowmelt peak flows. Climate change projections have been reported for 14 countries in Europe with results for extreme precipitation, extreme streamflow or both. The review shows various approaches for producing climate projections of extreme precipitation and flood frequency based on alternative climate forcing scenarios, climate projections from available global and regional climate models, methods for statistical downscaling and bias correction, and alternative hydrological models. A large number of the reported studies are based on an ensemble modelling approach that use several climate forcing scenarios and climate model projections in order to address the uncertainty on the projections of extreme precipitation and flood frequency. Some studies also include alternative statistical downscaling and bias correction methods and hydrological modelling approaches. Most studies reviewed indicate an increase in extreme precipitation under a future climate, which is consistent with the observed trend of extreme precipitation. Hydrological projections of peak flows and flood frequency show both positive and negative changes. Large increases in peak flows are reported for some catchments with rainfall-dominated peak flows, whereas a general decrease in flood magnitude and earlier spring floods are reported for catchments with snowmelt-dominated peak flows. The latter is consistent with the observed trends. The review of existing guidelines in Europe on design floods and design rainfalls shows that only few countries explicitly address climate change. These design guidelines are based on climate change adjustment factors to be applied to current design estimates and may depend on design return period and projection horizon. The review indicates a gap between the need for considering climate change impacts in design and actual published guidelines that incorporate climate change in extreme precipitation and flood frequency. Most of the studies reported are based on frequency analysis assuming stationary conditions in a certain time window (typically 30 years) representing current and future climate. There is a need for developing more consistent non-stationary frequency analysis methods that can account for the transient nature of a changing climate

A Review of the Valuation of Environmental Costs and Benefits in World Bank Projects

The World Bank’s Operational Policy on Economic Evaluation of Investment Operations requires that project evaluations include all the costs and benefits generated by the project, including environmental costs and benefits. Theis review examines the use of environmental valuation in 101 projects in the World Bank’s environmental portfolio approved in fiscal years 2000, 2001, and 2002. It has three broad objectives. First, it examines the extent to which environmental costs and benefits have been incorporated in the economic analysis of projects. Second, it examines how well valuation was used. Third, it seeks to identify areas of weakness so as to feed into plans for capacity building. The results show that the use of environmental valuation has increased substantially in the last decade. Ten years ago, one project in 162 used environmental valuation. In recent years, as many as one third of the projects in the environmental portfolio did so. While this represents a substantial improvement, there remains considerable scope for growth.environmental economics, valuation of environmental impacts, cost-benefit analysis

Reducing Flood Risk in Changing Environments: Optimal Location and Sizing of Stormwater Tanks Considering Climate Change

[EN] In recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency of urban floods as a result of three determinant factors: the reduction in systems' capacity due to aging, a changing environment that has resulted in alterations in the hydrological cycle, and the reduction of the permeability of watersheds due to urban growth. Due to this, a question that every urban area must answer is: Are we ready to face these new challenges? The renovation of all the pipes that compose the drainage system is not a feasible solution, and, therefore, the use of new solutions is an increasing trend, leading to a new operational paradigm where water is stored in the system and released at a controlled rate. Hence, technologies, such as stormwater tanks, are being implemented in different cities. This research sought to understand how Climate Change would affect future precipitation, and based on the results, applied two different approaches to determine the optimal location and sizing of storage units, through the application of the Simulated Annealing and Pseudo-Genetic Algorithms. In this process, a strong component of computational modeling was applied in order to allow the optimization algorithms to efficiently reach near-optimal solutions. These approaches were tested in two stormwater networks at Bogota, Colombia, considering three different rainfall scenarios.This research was funded by MEXICHEM-PAVCO and COLCIENCIAS, grant number 565263339028Saldarriaga, J.; Salcedo, C.; Solarte, L.; Pulgarín, L.; Rivera, ML.; Camacho, M.; Iglesias Rey, PL.... (2020). Reducing Flood Risk in Changing Environments: Optimal Location and Sizing of Stormwater Tanks Considering Climate Change. Water. 12(9):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092491S124129Willems, P., Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Olsson, J., & Nguyen, V. T. V. (2012). Climate change impact assessment on urban rainfall extremes and urban drainage: Methods and shortcomings. Atmospheric Research, 103, 106-118. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.003Padulano, R., Reder, A., & Rianna, G. (2019). An ensemble approach for the analysis of extreme rainfall under climate change in Naples (Italy). Hydrological Processes, 33(14), 2020-2036. doi:10.1002/hyp.13449Zeroual, A., Assani, A. A., Meddi, M., & Alkama, R. (2018). Assessment of climate change in Algeria from 1951 to 2098 using the Köppen–Geiger climate classification scheme. Climate Dynamics, 52(1-2), 227-243. doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4128-0Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Willems, P., Olsson, J., Beecham, S., Pathirana, A., Bülow Gregersen, I., … Nguyen, V.-T.-V. (2013). Impacts of climate change on rainfall extremes and urban drainage systems: a review. Water Science and Technology, 68(1), 16-28. doi:10.2166/wst.2013.251Ashley, R. M., Balmforth, D. J., Saul, A. J., & Blanskby, J. D. (2005). Flooding in the future – predicting climate change, risks and responses in urban areas. Water Science and Technology, 52(5), 265-273. doi:10.2166/wst.2005.0142Ngamalieu-Nengoue, U. A., Martínez-Solano, F. J., Iglesias-Rey, P. L., & Mora-Meliá, D. (2019). Multi-Objective Optimization for Urban Drainage or Sewer Networks Rehabilitation through Pipes Substitution and Storage Tanks Installation. Water, 11(5), 935. doi:10.3390/w11050935Lee, E. H., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Design and Operation of Decentralized Reservoirs in Urban Drainage Systems. Water, 9(4), 246. doi:10.3390/w9040246Kändler, N., Annus, I., Vassiljev, A., & Puust, R. (2019). Peak flow reduction from small catchments using smart inlets. Urban Water Journal, 17(7), 577-586. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2019.1611888Miao, Z.-T., Han, M., & Hashemi, S. (2019). The effect of successive low-impact development rainwater systems on peak flow reduction in residential areas of Shizhuang, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(2). doi:10.1007/s12665-018-8016-zMartínez, C., Sanchez, A., Galindo, R., Mulugeta, A., Vojinovic, Z., & Galvis, A. (2018). Configuring Green Infrastructure for Urban Runoff and Pollutant Reduction Using an Optimal Number of Units. Water, 10(11), 1528. doi:10.3390/w10111528Cunha, M. C., Zeferino, J. A., Simões, N. E., Santos, G. L., & Saldarriaga, J. G. (2017). A decision support model for the optimal siting and sizing of storage units in stormwater drainage systems. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 12(01), 122-132. doi:10.2495/sdp-v12-n1-122-132Ngamalieu-Nengoue, U., Iglesias-Rey, P., Martínez-Solano, F., Mora-Meliá, D., & Saldarriaga Valderrama, J. (2019). Urban Drainage Network Rehabilitation Considering Storm Tank Installation and Pipe Substitution. Water, 11(3), 515. doi:10.3390/w11030515Cimorelli, L., Morlando, F., Cozzolino, L., Covelli, C., Della Morte, R., & Pianese, D. (2016). Optimal Positioning and Sizing of Detention Tanks within Urban Drainage Networks. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(1), 04015028. doi:10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000927Duan, H.-F., Li, F., & Yan, H. (2016). Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Detention Tanks in the Urban Stormwater Drainage System: LID Implementation and Analysis. Water Resources Management, 30(13), 4635-4648. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1444-1Iglesias-Rey, P. L., Martínez-Solano, F. J., Saldarriaga, J. G., & Navarro-Planas, V. R. (2017). Pseudo-genetic Model Optimization for Rehabilitation of Urban Storm-water Drainage Networks. Procedia Engineering, 186, 617-625. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.278Martínez-Solano, F., Iglesias-Rey, P., Saldarriaga, J., & Vallejo, D. (2016). Creation of an SWMM Toolkit for Its Application in Urban Drainage Networks Optimization. Water, 8(6), 259. doi:10.3390/w8060259García, L., Barreiro-Gomez, J., Escobar, E., Téllez, D., Quijano, N., & Ocampo-Martinez, C. (2015). Modeling and real-time control of urban drainage systems: A review. Advances in Water Resources, 85, 120-132. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.08.007Stevens, B., Giorgetta, M., Esch, M., Mauritsen, T., Crueger, T., Rast, S., … Roeckner, E. (2013). Atmospheric component of the MPI‐M Earth System Model: ECHAM6. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(2), 146-172. doi:10.1002/jame.20015Magi, B. I. (2015). Global Lightning Parameterization from CMIP5 Climate Model Output. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32(3), 434-452. doi:10.1175/jtech-d-13-00261.1Dunne, J. P., John, J. G., Adcroft, A. J., Griffies, S. M., Hallberg, R. W., Shevliakova, E., … Zadeh, N. (2012). GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics. Journal of Climate, 25(19), 6646-6665. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00560.1Voldoire, A., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Salas y Mélia, D., Decharme, B., Cassou, C., Sénési, S., … Chauvin, F. (2012). The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: description and basic evaluation. Climate Dynamics, 40(9-10), 2091-2121. doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1259-yAckerley, D., & Dommenget, D. (2016). Atmosphere-only GCM (ACCESS1.0) simulations with prescribed land surface temperatures. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(6), 2077-2098. doi:10.5194/gmd-9-2077-2016Yazdi, J., Lee, E. H., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Model for Urban Drainage Network Rehabilitation. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 141(8), 04014091. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000491Javier Martínez-Solano, F., Iglesias-Rey, P. L., Mora Meliá, D., & Ribelles-Aguilar, J. V. (2018). Combining Skeletonization, Setpoint Curves, and Heuristic Algorithms to Define District Metering Areas in the Battle of Water Networks District Metering Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144(6), 04018023. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000938Baek, H., Ryu, J., Oh, J., & Kim, T.-H. (2015). Optimal design of multi-storage network for combined sewer overflow management using a diversity-guided, cyclic-networking particle swarm optimizer – A case study in the Gunja subcatchment area, Korea. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(20), 6966-6975. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.049McEnery, J. A., & Morris, C. D. (2011). Muskingum optimisation used for evaluation of regionalised stormwater detention. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 5(1), 49-61. doi:10.1111/j.1753-318x.2011.01125.xCunha, M. C., Zeferino, J. A., Simões, N. E., & Saldarriaga, J. G. (2016). Optimal location and sizing of storage units in a drainage system. 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Photomorphic analysis techniques: An interim spatial analysis using satellite remote sensor imagery and historical data

The use of machine scanning and/or computer-based techniques to provide greater objectivity in the photomorphic approach was investigated. Photomorphic analysis and its application in regional planning are discussed. Topics included: delineation of photomorphic regions; inadequacies of existing classification systems; tonal and textural characteristics and signature analysis techniques; pattern recognition and Fourier transform analysis; and optical experiments. A bibliography is included

Planning and Design Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development

In order to create high impact low-carbon architecture it is necessary to address issues at the urban scale. This paper reviews methods adopted in the UK, Hong Kong and America and develops a series of themes that should be incorporated in modern city development strategies to produce green and sustainable outcomes. These are concerned with: planning policies and building regulations; neighborhood and site planning; and building design. Underlying themes which must be incorporated are connected to: building façade, systems design and operation; energy demand and supply; transportation systems; water supply and use; and wastes/pollution issues. To achieve success a number of support mechanisms are needed including strategic and infrastructure development, implementation of assessment frameworks, and the distribution of information and knowledge to stakeholders. The themes are compared to recent developments in the city of Kunming and proposals for future applications are explored

Una revisión sistemática del monitoreo de Aguas Residuales y sus aplicaciones en sistemas de drenaje urbano

Urban drainage systems have an important role in the planning and development of cities, they allow a good management of the wastewater flow, and their study is important to understand the physicochemical characteristics of water and the relationships between the maximum flows and means of each system. This is a review of wastewater monitoring and their applications, which is done through the consultation of databases and other documentary sources of free access like scientific journals. The research strategy was based on 3 thematic axes that were: monitoring of wastewater, obtaining parameters of the system and network management. We reviewed 69 references of different countries around the world countries and we focused in the methodologies used in each study case. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of implementation of measure instruments, monitoring and control systems.Los sistemas de drenaje urbano juegan un papel importante en la planeación y el desarrollo de las ciudades, siendo primordial conocer el funcionamiento del flujo de aguas residuales, sus características fisicoquímicas y las relaciones existentes entre los caudales máximos y medios de cada sistema. Este artículo proporciona una revisión del monitoreo de aguas residuales y sus aplicaciones, la cual se realizó a través de la consulta de bases de datos especializadas y otras fuentes documentales de revistas científicas de acceso abierto en diversos países. Se estableció una estrategia de búsqueda en torno a 3 ejes temáticos que fueron: monitoreo de aguas residuales, obtención de parámetros propios de cada sistema y la gestión de redes. Se revisaron 69 referencias que permitieron identificar cuáles son los países que más investigan sobre el tema y cuales han sido las metodologías empleadas en cada caso de estudio. En conclusión, se sugiere como tema de investigación implementar sistemas de instrumentación, monitoreo y control, que permitan un adecuado y permanente control de los sistemas de drenaje en Colombia debido al poco número de número de investigaciones desarrolladas en el país